<span>Balancing information and dissipation with partially observed fluctuating signals</span>

Author(s): Giorgio Nicoletti, Ivan Di Terlizzi, and Daniel Maria BusielloBiological systems sense and extract information from fluctuating signals while operating under energetic constraints and limited resolution. We introduce a general chemical model in which a signaling pathway is activated by hidden signals and produces a readout molecule. A sensor, here modeled as a…[Phys. Rev. Lett.] Published Mon Jul 13, 2026